|
विभक्ति
(Case)
|
Meaning | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| १. |
प्रथमा
(nominative)
|
• Grammatical 'subject' of the finite verb. |
नृपः वदति
"The king speaks." |
| २. |
द्वितीया
(accusative)
|
• Grammatical 'object' of the finite verb. • The 'goal' of a verb of motion. |
पुरुषः मृगम् हन्ति
"The man kills the deer."
रामः वनम् गच्छति
"Rāma goes to the forest." |
| ३. |
तृतीया
(instrumental)
|
• "With", "by", "using" X. |
सः शरेण बालकम् हन्ति
"He kills the boy with an arrow."
मूर्खः नृपेण त्यजते
"The fool is abandoned by the king." |
| ४. |
चतुर्थी
(dative)
|
• "To", "for" X. |
द्विजः पुत्राय सर्वम् ददाति
"He gives everything to his son."
भोजनाय आगच्छामि
"I come for food." |
| ५. |
पञ्चमी
(ablative)
|
• "From", "due to", "because of" X. • Objects of fear. |
कुमारः नगरात् वनम् गच्छति
"The boy goes to the forest from the city."
रामः राक्षसात् न बिभेति
"Rāma does not fear the demon." |
| ६. |
षष्ठी
(genitive)
|
• "Of" X. • Possessives. |
ब्राह्मणस्य पुत्रः अस्ति
"The brāhman has a son." (lit. "The son of the brāhman is.") |
| ७. |
सप्तमी
(locative)
|
• "In", "on", "with respect to" X. • Objects of love, attachment or devotion. |
द्विजः वृक्षे वसति
"The bird lives in the tree."
नृपः धर्मे रतः अस्ति
"The king is devoted to dharma." |
|
सम्बोधन
(vocative)
|
• "Hey", "Oh" X! |
हे राम, हे सीते
"Hey Rāma, hey Sīta!" |
|